Mantle plumes are essential components of Earth's convective system, driving intraplate volcanism, large igneous provinces, and mantle heat transport. These upwellings exhibit diverse geometries, ranging from simple cylindrical forms to complex configurations. Recent advancements in seismic imaging and high-resolution geophysical observations have revealed intricate plume structures, such as the tree-like plume system beneath the Africa-Indian Ocean region. Some studies suggest that these structures may consist of multiple low-velocity conduits interconnected by horizontal ponding zones, influenced by factors such as plate motions, subduction dynamics, and mantle flow patterns.

To address these complexities, we propose a global mantle convection modeling approach to investigate the dynamics and evolution of tree-like plume structures. Our simulations integrate key geodynamic processes, including continental drift, slab subduction, and mantle plume upwelling, within a self-consistent numerical framework. By testing various Clapeyron slopes for mantle phase transitions and quantifying parameters such as plume flux, buoyancy, temperature anomalies, and melting behavior, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms shaping tree-like plumes. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide new insights into the interplay between plate tectonics and mantle convection, advancing our understanding of plume morphologies and their role in Earth's dynamic system.