We use empirical observations from modern to million-year timescales as well as theoretical approaches and numerical modeling to study how surface processes influence hillslopes and river channels, modulate sediment transport, and ultimately shape landscapes. In areas of known climate forcing, we use erosional and depositional records to refine our understanding of the controls on erosion and sediment-transport dynamics, and develop predictive models for how landscapes will respond to changes in forcing. Therein, special attention is paid to the roles of temperature and temperature variations, climate-dependent biological and chemical processes, the periodicity of climate forcing, and tectonic/upper-mantle processes that can further influence landscape evolution.