The integration of different geoscientific observations into consistent 3D structural models is the first step on the way to building digital twins of the subsurface.

For the socially relevant exploration of georesources (energy, water), it is important to know the deep thermal field and to understand the coupling between fluid and heat transport in the subsurface. Also deformation strongly depends on temperature.

Often the information available to describe the deep structure of the lithosphere is restricted to local deep seismic profiles and sparse information from seismology. Here 3D gravity modelling provides a helpful tool to derive the spatial distribution of densities at depth.

In response to changing stress fields the crust and its underlying lithospheric mantle experience deformation the mode of which may be decisively influenced by the internal rheological configuration.

Numerical simulations play a crucial role in exploring the Earth's natural resources. These studies often require solving complex coupled simulations that account for thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical processes. Furthermore, they must be conducted over extensive spatial and temporal scales, leading to high computational costs.